RESUMO
Here we describe a time-efficient strategy for endogenous C-terminal gene tagging in mammalian tissue culture cells. An online platform is used to design two long gene-specific oligonucleotides for PCR with generic template cassettes to create linear dsDNA donors, termed PCR cassettes. PCR cassettes encode the tag (e.g., GFP), a Cas12a CRISPR RNA for cleavage of the target locus, and short homology arms for directed integration via homologous recombination. The integrated tag is coupled to a generic terminator shielding the tagged gene from the co-inserted auxiliary sequences. Co-transfection of PCR cassettes with a Cas12a-encoding plasmid leads to robust endogenous expression of tagged genes, with tagging efficiency of up to 20% without selection, and up to 60% when selection markers are used. We used target-enrichment sequencing to investigate all potential sources of artifacts. Our work outlines a quick strategy particularly suitable for exploratory studies using endogenous expression of fluorescent protein-tagged genes.
Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas/genética , Marcação de Genes/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Alelos , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/genética , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Genes Reporter , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Recombinação Homóloga , Humanos , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Proteínas Luminescentes/metabolismo , Oligonucleotídeos/genética , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/genética , TransfecçãoRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139429.].
RESUMO
The canonical protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B is an important regulator of diverse cellular signaling networks. PTP1B has long been thought to exert its influence solely from its perch on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); however, an additional subpopulation of PTP1B has recently been detected in mitochondria extracted from rat brain tissue. Here, we show that PTP1B's mitochondrial localization is general (observed across diverse mammalian cell lines) and sensitively dependent on the transmembrane domain length, C-terminal charge and hydropathy of its short (≤35 amino acid) tail anchor. Our electron microscopy of specific DAB precipitation revealed that PTP1B localizes via its tail anchor to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy establishing that this OMM pool contributes to the previously reported cytoplasmic interaction of PTP1B with endocytosed epidermal growth factor receptor. We additionally examined the mechanism of PTP1B's insertion into the ER membrane through heterologous expression of PTP1B's tail anchor in wild-type yeast and yeast mutants of major conserved ER insertion pathways: In none of these yeast strains was ER targeting significantly impeded, providing in vivo support for the hypothesis of spontaneous membrane insertion (as previously demonstrated in vitro). Further functional elucidation of the newly recognized mitochondrial pool of PTP1B will likely be important for understanding its complex roles in cellular responses to external stimuli, cell proliferation and diseased states.
